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Selected Passages from Hungarian-Ottoman Wars
About Me
Castles in the “Hungaries”
Transylvania
Saxon and Székely fortified churches
Alsóbajom
Alsórákos
Asszonyfalva
Barcarozsnyó castle
Baráthely, fortified church
Berethalom
Csíkdelne
Csíkménaság
Csíkszenttamás
Csíkkarcfalva
Csíkrákos
Enyed / Nagyenyed
Feketehalom
Fületelke
Gelence
Homoróddaróc
Jakabfalva
Kelnek
Kereszténysziget
Lesses
Mese
Miklósvár
Prázsmár
Sárd
Sepsiszentgyörgy
Szászbogács
Szászfehéregyháza
Szászhermány
Szászkézd
Szászsebes
Székelyderzs
Szentágota
Visk
Alvinc
Abafája
Almás / Váralmás castle
Aranyosmeggyes
Bálványos
Bonchida
Bethlenszentmiklós
Borosjenő
Bözödújfalu
Brassó
Bún
Csíkszereda
Déva
Doboka
Élesd, Sólyomkővár
Erdőd (Ardud)
Fogaras
Gyalu
Gyergyószárhegy
Gyergyószentmiklós
Gyimesbükk
Gyulafehérvár
Hadad
Hunyad
Kankó / Ugocsa vár
Karánsebes
Keresd
Keresztelőszentpál / Kerelőszentpál
Királyházai Nyalábvár
Kolozsvár
Kovászó
Kőhalom
Küküllővár
Lugos
Marosillye
Marosvásárhely
Munkács
Nagybánya / Asszonypataka
Nagyszalonta
Nagyvárad
Nyírbátor
Nevicke
Radna and Óradna
Radnót
Regéc
Sárospatak
Sebesvár
Segesvár
Szatmár / Szatmárnémeti
Szentbenedek
Szeben and the Abbey of Kerc
Szerednye
Székelykeresztúr
Torda
Szelindek
Torockószentgyörgy
Törcsvár
Ungvár
Kingdom of Hungary
North
Abaújvár
Alsómattyasóc
Ajnácskő
Alsómicsinye
Árva
Bajmóc
Bakabánya
Balassagyarmat
Balogvár
Barkó
Bártfa
Beckó, Bolondóc
Besztercebánya
Betlenfalva
Berencsváralja
Boldogkőváralja
Borsi
Borostyánkő (Ballenstein, Paistun)
Borostyánkő (Bernstein)
Bozók
Budatin
Csábrág
Csejte
Cseklész
Csetnek
Csicsva
Dévény
Divény
Diósgyőr
Detrekő castle and the Pálffy palace
Drégely
Eperjes
Érsekújvár
Felsőkubin
Felsővály
Fülek
Füzér
Garamszentbenedek
Gímes
Golop
Hajdúdorog
Hajdúnánás
(Hajdú)Szoboszló
Holics
Hollólomnic
Homonna
Huszt
Illava
Kálló
Kassa
Kékkő
Késmárk
Kisnána
Kisvárda
Komárom
Korlátkő
Korpona
Körmöcbánya
Krasznahorka and Betlér
Léva
Likava
Lipótújvár
Lőcse
Murány
Nagybiccse
Nagyida
Nagykövesd
Nagyszombat
Nedec / Dunajec
Nógrád
Nyitra
Ólubló / Lubló
Ónod
Osgyán
Putnok
Revistye
Szabatkapuszta
Selmecbánya
Szádvár
Szanda
Szécsény
Szepesi vár
Szerencs
Szikszó
Szitnya
Szklabinya
Tarkő
Tiszolc
Tokaj
Torna
Trencsén
Zsolnalitva
Zemplén
Zólyom
Zólyomlipcse
Zsarnóca
West
Bozsok
Bakonyújvár / Bakonybél
Bátorkő
Csobánc
Csesznek
Devecser
Egervár
Fraknó
Győr Castle
Keszthely
Körmend
Kőszeg
Lánzsér
Mosonmagyaróvár
Nagyvázsony
Németújvár
Palota (Várpalota)
Pannonhalma
Pápa
Pozsony
Ugod
Rezi
Sárvár
Somló
Sopron
Sümeg
Szarvaskő (at Döbrönte)
Szigliget
Tata
Tihany
Várgesztes
Veszprém
Vitány
Vöröskő
South
Babócsa
Csáktornya
Dobóc
Egerszeg, Zalaegerszeg
Felsőlendva
Hídvég
Kereki, Fehérkő castle
Komár
Sziszek
Zalaszentgrót
Ottoman Occupied Lands
Arad
Atya
Bács
Berzence
Boksánbánya, Boksa / Kövesd Castle
Buda
Buják
Bussa
Cegléd
Csanád
Csókakő
Csővár
Dédes castle
Dunaföldvár
Döbrönte, Szarvaskő
Dombóvár
Eger
Erdőd (Erdut)
Eszék
Hatvan
Esztergom
Hollókő
Fonyód
Ipolydamásd
Galambóc
Ipolyság
Gyula
Jajca
Kanizsa
Kaposvár
Kecskemét
Komlóska, Solymos castle
Lippa and Solymos
Nándorfehérvár
Ozora
Pécs
Pécsvárad
Pest
Pétervárad
Pilisszentlélek and Klastrompuszta
Pozsega
Újlak
Rednek
Salgó
Siklós
Simontornya
Sirok
Somoskő
Szabács
Szalánkemén
Szarvas
Szarvaskői castle
Szeged
Székesfehérvár
Szentlászlóvár / Lászlóvára
Szigetvár
Szolnok Castle
Szörényvár
Temesvár
Vác
Valpó
Visegrád
Zimony
Zsámbék
Our Castles on the Map
Essays
Members of the Valiant Order
Balassi Bálint (1554-1594)
Prince Bocskai István
A Hero of the Valiant Order: Varkocs György
General Schwendi in Royal Hungary, a German Hero
Thorny Tamás, a Hungarian hero
Pálffy Tamás (1534-1581), a Hungarian Hero
Berenhidai Huszár Péter, a Hungarian Hero
Hans Rueber von Püchsendorf (1529-1584)
A hero of Buda who was almost hanged
Bey Csonka: the Ottoman hero of Buda, 1686
Captain John Smith, a Hungarian nobleman
Balassi Ferenc
Batthyány Ferenc (1497-1566)
Lord Perényi Péter, (1502– 1548) – Part One
Ferenc, the kidnapped son of Lord Perényi – Part Two
The Perényi-story, Part Three
Némethi Ferenc (1510-1565) and the wine of Tokaj
Andrew Gaudi, the Scot hero of Várad
Werbőczi Imre (1510s-1548)
Petár Berislavić / Beriszlói Péter (1475-1520)
General Tomori Pál (1475-1526)
Petar Kruzic / Krusics Péter (1491-1537)
János Zadorla, a Slovakian hero of Kassa
Peter Roussel of Burgundy (?-1577, Kassa)
Magyar Bálint of Palona
Gyulaffy László (c.1520-1579), the champion of the Borderland
The Lady with a hook-gun in Buzita Castle
Báthory István, King of Poland and Prince of Transylvania (1533-1586)
Nyáry Lőrinc and his son, Nyáry Pál
Gregoróczy Vince
Pasha Arszlán (Oroszlán) of Buda castle
Baron Nádasdy Tamás (1498-1562)
Count Nádasdy Ferenc, the Strong Black Bey (1555-1604)
Captain Thury György (cc1520-1571)
Thengöldi Bornemisza János (1520/30-1589)
Maróthy Mihály of Loós (?-1600)
Adolf von Schwarzenberg (1547-1600)
Kádár István and his Hajdú soldiers, 1658
Wathay Ferenc (1568- after 1609)
Rákóczi László (1633-1664)
Zrínyi Ádám (1662-1691)
Zrínyi Miklós, the poet and general (1620-1664)
King Matthias Corvinus Series (1443-1490)
The beginning of King Matthias Reign
Origin of King Matthias Corvinus
Was King Matthias related to Sultan Mohamed II ?
Firearms in the Black Army
King Matthias at Boroszló (Wroclaw, Breslau)
The wealth of King Matthias
King Matthias` duel with Holubar
Why is the Hungarian Renaissance not so well-known?
„Delirant Reges, plectunur Achivi” – The people pay for the foolishness of the kings
“this king loved his country”
“Non licet in bello bis peccare”: You mustn`t commit the same fault twice in the war
Kinizsi Pál, general of King Matthias
The fleet of King Matthias
The size of King Matthias` army
King Matthias Corvinus and England
Economy
The revolution of transportation: the “kocsi” (coach)
The Mining Towns of Upper Hungary
Salt: the white gold of Hungary
Hungarian Grey Cattle
The value of Money
Nations, peoples, ethnic groups
Who were the Turks?
Who were the Germans?
Who were the Hungarians?
Who are the Székelys?
Who were the German Saxons in Transylvania?
Who were the Habáns, the Swiss immigrants fleeing to Hungary?
Who were the Magyarabs?
Mercenaries, Western soldiers
Italians in the 15-Year-War in Hungary
Foreign mercenaries in Hungary
Scots on the battlefields of the „Hungaries”
The Hungarian Hajdú warriors
Cavalry
Dragoons in Hungary
Horses of Battle
Cavalry Charge and Melee
Horses in the Battle of Mohács
Hungarian Horse archers in the 17th century
The Hussar tournaments of Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria
Famous and Infamous People
Albrecht Dürer (1471 -1528) and Hungary
Who was Oláh Miklós? (1493-1568)
Lady Báthory Erzsébet (1560-1614)
Catherine of Brandenburg, wife of Prince Bethlen
The Zrínyi / Zrinski family and the Habsburgs
The peril of Demeter Jaksith – a legend from Szerémi`s Chronicle
Borbála, the true love of King Matthias
Szilágyi Mihály, the kingmaker
Palatine Báthory István (c 1480-1530)
Mayláth István, Voivode of Transylvania (1502-1550)
Baron Forgách Ferenc
Zsámboki János (Johannes Sambucus Pannonius) 1531-1584
Bey Sásvár, the renegade
King Habsburg Ferdinand I of Hungary and Bohemia (1503-1564)
Fráter György (Utišinović / Martinuzzi György) 1482-1551
Prince Rákóczi Zsigmond (1555-08/12/1608)
Prince Báthory Gábor of Transylvania (1589-1613)
Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania
Prince Rákóczi I György of Transylvania (ruled from 1630 to 1648)
Prince Barcsay Ákos of Transylvania (1610-1661)
Prince Kemény János of Transylvania (1607-1662)
Sultan Mehmed III (reigned between 1595 and 1603)
King Habsburg Rudolf of Hungary, Emperor of the HRE (1552-1612)
Why don’t we like Sultan Suleiman?
Types of soldiers in the “Hungaries” around 1600
Hungarian and other proverbs born during the Turk wars
The Ottoman concept of „Kizil Elma”, the „Golden / Red Apple”
The Hungarian Knights of the Golden Spur
Ethnic changes in Hungary due to the Ottoman wars
The military education of Hunyadi János
1372-1490
The Ottoman-Hungarian fights before the fall of Szendrő castle in 1439
Hunyadi at Szendrő, 1439
The rise of Hunyadi János to power, 1440-41
Hunyadi’s first large battle against the Turks, 1441
Hunyadi defeated two Ottoman armies, 1442
Hunyadi’s Long Campaign in 1443-44, part one
Hunyadi’s Long Campaign in 1443-44, part two
Hunyadi’s Long Campaign in 1443-44, part three
Várna, 1444: Were Hunyadi and the King oathbreakers? Part One
The road to Várna, 1444; Part Two
The Battle of Várna, 1444; Part Three
Battle of Kosovo Polje, 1448
1456, the heroic Siege of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade)
22 December 1476 The wedding of Matthias and Beatrix
Why can we hear the bells at noon? 1456
The Battle of Kenyérmező (Breadfield), 13 October 1479
General Magyar Balázs saves Otranto in 1481
The Doom of the Black Army after 1490
1490-1541
Báthory István defeats the Ottomans at Illádia, 12 October 1512
1521: the fall of Szabács, Zimony, and Nándorfehérvár castles
After 16 October 1522 Szapolyai, Voivode of Transylvania defeats the Turks in Wallachia
The Battle of Szávaszentdemeter, 1523
29 August 1526: The Battle of Mohács
13-15 September 1526, the Battle of Pusztamarót
1527 Cserni (aka Black or Nenad) Jován’s uprising
1527-28 The negotiations of Sir Lasky in Istanbul
20 March 1528 The Battle of Szina
A scene from the last days of Kőszeg’ s siege in 1532
19 September 1532, Pasha Kászim’s black day
14 April 1533 Hieronym Laszky besieges Palota Castle
21 October 1540: Leonhard von Fels besieges Buda
20 July 1541 The fall of Fogaras castle
1541-1606
26 September 1542 The Siege of Pest began
25 December 1545, the fall of Simontornya castle
19 June 1547 the first Peace of Edirne / Drinápoly
13 November 1550: Brother György defeats his enemies
1551 “Virtus vulnere viret” – a bloody fight at Lippa castle
1 March 1552 the Peril of Szeged and the Battle of Dorozsma
1 June 1552 The fall of Veszprém castle
A general attack against Eger Castle on St. Michael’s Day, 1552
1554: The Turks attack the castles of Tihany and Csobánc
1555: Pápa castle was attacked
An old warrior’s challenge to a duel, 1555
The miracle at Görösgál, 1555
The siege of Szigetvár in 1556
1556: The fight between “David and Goliath”
25 November 1556 The Diet of Transylvania made Isabella Governor
When Ottomans attacked each other in Hungary, 1558
The adolescent murderers of Bey Ibrahim, 1559
27 March 1562: the victory of Hassan, Bey of Fülek
4 March 1562 The Battle of Hadad
5 June 1566 The heroic defense of Palota castle
1566 King János Zsigmond’s victory over the Crimean Tatars
1566: three champions challenge Pasha Mustafa to a duel
1567: the heroic defenders of Felsővadász castle
13 January 1568: Freedom of religion was declared at the Diet of Torda
17 February 1568 The Treaty of Edirne / Drinápoly
October 1570: the Hungarian Borderland-warriors defeated the Ottomans at Alsóörs
Two young Turks who got lost at night, 1570
1571, the last stand of Captain Thury György
6 February 1573: Attack on Botszentgyörgy castle
1575: the warriors of Kanizsa castle laid a trap
1575: the heroic last stand of the warriors of Fonyód castle
1577, a Christian defeat at Győr castle
The Hussars ambush the fair of Hatvan in 1580
19 July 1580 The victory at Nádudvar
The warriors of Léva castle’s duel, on 1 May 1581
1583: the Hungarian warriors of the Valiant Order of Trans-Danubian Region attack Koppány Castle
1585: the duel of Olasz Gergely at Komárom Castle
25 February 1587: The destruction of Koppány castle and the victory at Kacorlak
1588: the destruction of Endréd Palisade Castle
29 October 1588: the Hungarian warriors ambush Kékkő castle
A shameful duel in 1590
18 November 1593; The armies of the Upper Land take Szabatka
November 21, 1593, The Hungarians defeated the Turks at Romhány
The adventure of a few Hajdú warriors at Vác, 1594
1598: Captain András Barcsai of Lugos Castle defeated Pasha Szulejmán of Temesvár
Prince Bocskai had his Hajdús settled, 12/12/1605
1606-1717
Bethlen defeats the usurper Homonnai-Drugeth at Dés, 1616
20 December 1626: Prince Bethlen signed a truce with King Ferdinand II
6 October 1636 Prince Rákóczi scatters the army of the Pasha of Temesvár at Nagyszalonta
2 February 1642: The Raid at Igal
26 June 1644 The Battle of Somos: Hungarian Transylvanians vs. Hungarians of Royal Hungary
16 December 1645 Peace treaty in Linz between Rákóczi and Ferdinand
1649 Pentecost: the Turks attacked the market of Egerszeg
25-26 August 1652 The Battle of Vezekény
30 April 1657 Batthyány Ádám’s raid at Zsámbék
1657: the unlucky Polish war of Prince Rákóczi György II
1658: Prince György Rákóczi II defeated the Ottoman army
The Battle of Szárhegy, 1658
27 August 1660: The fall of Várad castle
1660 The punishing war of Pasha Szejdi
1660 The Battle of Szászfenes, the death of Prince Rákóczi György II
Zrínyi’s reply to Montecuccoli 1661
23 January 1662 The Battle of Nagyszőlős, the Death of Prince Kemény
1662: the adventure of 12 Hajdú warriors
1663: Zrínyi Péter defeated the Ottomans at Károlyváros
The famous Winter Campaign of Zrínyi, 1664
The siege of Kanizsa castle, 28 April 1664
The Hajdú warriors in Zrínyi’s Winter Campaign in 1664
The last stand of Pölöske castle’s defenders, 22 July 1664
The letter of Zrínyi Miklós in 1664
1 August 1664 The battle of Szentgotthárd / Saint Gotthard, and the peace of Vasvár
18 November 1664: the death of Zrínyi Miklós aka Nikola Zrínski
The regulations of Regéc castle 1679
23 April 1670 The Battle of Gombás and the Wesselényi Conspiration
22 December 1671 Emperor Leopold dismissed his Hungarian soldiers
14 September 1672 The “kuruc” rebels beat the Imperials at Enyicke
12 September 1683 The Battle of Kahlenberg at Vienna
7-9 October 1683 The Battle of Párkány
10 July 1684 the Triumph at Szentendre
The Turk reinforcement was defeated at Érd, 1684
The Battle of Tát, 16 August 1685
2 September 1686 Buda Eliberata!
Turkish prisoners of war in Buda, 1686
1687: the Battle of Nagyharsány
17 January 1688 The fall of Munkács castle
5 September 1688: The victory of Türkenluis at Derventa
The Battle of Zernyest: Thököly’s victory, 1690
13 April 1690 The retaking of Kanizsa castle
The Triumph of Szalánkemén, the bloodiest battle of the century, 1691
The Battle of Lugos, 1695
11 September 1697 The Battle of Zenta
24 August 1717 The massacre in Szék, Transylvania
Spreading Hungarian history
Fighting Misconceptions
The Hungarians’ role before 1526
“Betwixt two heathens”: the Habsburgs and the Ottomans
Modern Ottoman propaganda
Social media and Hungarian history in English
The Hun is at the gate!
My Report on Spreading Hungarian History between 2016 and 2023
Weapons
Armors and shields
Armors in Topkapi Seray Museum
Armors and weapons in the Styrian Armory of Graz
The armors of Emperor and King Maximilian I and II, and the helmet of King Louis II of Hungary
Hussar Helmets on Display in 1896
Turk shields, helmets
A chainmail from 1550
The Hungarian Hussar regiments of Cardinal Richelieu, 1635
A tombstone of an unknown knight
Hungarian Lobster Tail Helmets
The tombstone of Swabowszky György
Hussar armor, masks, and shields
Swords and sabers
Pallos
The sword of Charlemagne or the saber of Attila?
Ceremonial sword of the Dragon Order
Hungarian sabers, 15th-17th century
Saber (Eastern style)
Polish Saber (Hungarian style)
Hegyestőr / estoc / koncerz
a Transylvanian dagger, 1540
Swords made by Thomas Kapustran
The saber of General Pálffy Miklós (1552-1600)
Firearms
Strange firearms
Saint Borbála and the cannons
Pistols, 16th century
Pistols, 17th century (Vienna)
Bayonets in the Hungarian fights
Ottoman quiver, bows, and arrows
War hammers, maces, and battle axes
Maps and Regions
The First Military Survey of Hungary (1780-84)
Map 1750
Szepesség
The Borderland
Transylvanian Principality: a vassal state of the Turks?
Fortified Churches in Transylvania
Subcarpathia / Kárpátalja
Dramatized historical writings
The Little Rooster’s Diamond Halfpenny
Interview with Count Zrínyi Miklós
Interview with Cardinal Pázmány Péter
Interview with Lord Báthory István
Suleiman learns the plot of Queen Isabella
Lord Balassa’s victory at Szalka (1544)
Interview with Captain Thury György, 1561
The Siege of Drégely Castle (1552)
The Battle of Palást, 1552
The Gypsy warriors of Nagyida Castle (1556)
The White Geese of Léva Castle (1664)
The Duel at Korpona’s Haversack Castle (1588)
The Battle of Szikszó (08 October 1588)
Mikszáth Kálmán: Hunyák Pál
The Heavenly Advocate By Kosztolányi Dezső (1920)
Masterpieces of Art
Chalice,1462
A few pieces of ornamented items and jewellery
Ceramics from the 15-17th centuries
The Renaissance bronze candlesticks in Hagia Sophia
Hungarian Medieval Saddles
Hidden treasure found at Likava Castle
The destruction of King Saint László’s statue
Toy Knights of King Louis II
Drinking vessels, 16th-17th century
Renaissance Tiles
Prince Bethlen’s gift to King Gustav Adolphus
Reenacting History
Reenactor clubs
The Nádasdy Ferenc Banderium in Sárvár
The Matthias Rex Association / Mathias Rex Történelmi Hagyományőrző Egyesület
HEMA
Interview with Schunder László
Clothes and attire
Skirt and attached bodice, 17th century
The embroidery of Hungarian Lady dresses
Mente and Dolman: Hungarian attire
Corolla
Chronologies
General Chronology of Hungarian-Ottoman wars between 1552 and 1699
General chronologies 1366-1552
A very short summary of Hungarian-Ottoman wars
The Fifteen-Year-War Series (1591-1606)
The War of Pasha Sinan until 1596
The Long War – Part One / the new Borderland
The Long War, Part Two / the radius of the war
The Long War, Part Three / how it broke out
The Long War, Part Four / the military targets
The Long War, Part Five / October-November 1593
The Long War, Part Six / November-December 1593
The Long War, Part Seven / the Battle of Tura, 1594
The Long War, Part Eight / Summer 1594, the death of Balassi
The Long War, Part Nine / August-October 1594, the sieges of Győr and Komárom
The Long War, Part Ten / 1594, Transylvania breaks up with the Sublime Port
The Long War, Part 11 / the first clashes in 1595
The Long War, Part 12 / the second siege of Esztergom
The Long War, Part 13 / Upper Lands, and Transylvania 1595
The Long War, Part 14 / Spring-summer, 1596
1596-1600
The Long War, Part 15 / 1596: the Fall of Eger
The Long War, Part 16 / 1596, The Battle of Mezőkeresztes
The long War, Part 17 / the retaking of Tata castle with a “petard”
The Long War, Part 18 / Taking Pápa Castle, losing Tata, and the siege of Győr
The Long War, Part 19 / the Battle of Vác-Verőce, November 1597
The Long War, Part 20 / the retaking of Győr castle, 1598
The Long War, Part 21 / the sieges of Buda and Várad castles, 1598
The Long War, Part 22; a great Hajdú victory in 1599
The Long War, Part 23 / Christian ambushes, 1599
The Long War, Part 24/ Troubles in Transylvania, 1596-1599
The Long War, Part 25/ The Battle of Miriszló, 1600
The Long War, Part 26/ The siege of Kanizsa Castle, 1600
The Long War, Part 27/The mutiny of Walloon mercenaries in Pápa castle, 1600
1601-1606
The Long War, Part 28 / Battles around Fehérvár, 1601
The Long War, Part 29 / 1601, the unsuccessful siege of Kanizsa Castle
The Long War, Part 30 / the fall of Székesfehérvár castle in 1602
The Long War, Part 31; 1602: Basta’s victory in Transylvania and the Siege of Buda
The Long War, Part 32; military actions in the first part of 1603
The Long War, Part 33; the third siege of Buda, 1603
The Long War, Part 34 / The Siege of Esztergom, 1604
The Long War, Part 35; Internal war in Transylvania 1600-1604
The Long War, Part 36 / The Bocskai Uprising, 1604
The Long War, Part 37 / The heydays of Bocskai, 1605
The Long War, Part 38; 1606 – The creation of a Double Treaty of Peace
The Long War, Part 39 / Conclusion
Videos
The Siege of Nándorfehérvár / Belgrade, 1456
Visegrád, royal palace
The Battle of Mohács, 1526
The Battle of Zenta, 1697
The Ottoman conquest in Europe
The reconquest wars of Hungary
Sources and recommended readings
Review: Lord of the Eyrie (by Katerina Dunne)
Review: “As Only True Men Can: Nikola Zrinski’s Last Stand at Sziget”
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About Me
Castles in the “Hungaries”
Transylvania
Saxon and Székely fortified churches
Alsóbajom
Alsórákos
Asszonyfalva
Barcarozsnyó castle
Baráthely, fortified church
Berethalom
Csíkdelne
Csíkménaság
Csíkszenttamás
Csíkkarcfalva
Csíkrákos
Enyed / Nagyenyed
Feketehalom
Fületelke
Gelence
Homoróddaróc
Jakabfalva
Kelnek
Kereszténysziget
Lesses
Mese
Miklósvár
Prázsmár
Sárd
Sepsiszentgyörgy
Szászbogács
Szászfehéregyháza
Szászhermány
Szászkézd
Szászsebes
Székelyderzs
Szentágota
Visk
Alvinc
Abafája
Almás / Váralmás castle
Aranyosmeggyes
Bálványos
Bonchida
Bethlenszentmiklós
Borosjenő
Bözödújfalu
Brassó
Bún
Csíkszereda
Déva
Doboka
Élesd, Sólyomkővár
Erdőd (Ardud)
Fogaras
Gyalu
Gyergyószárhegy
Gyergyószentmiklós
Gyimesbükk
Gyulafehérvár
Hadad
Hunyad
Kankó / Ugocsa vár
Karánsebes
Keresd
Keresztelőszentpál / Kerelőszentpál
Királyházai Nyalábvár
Kolozsvár
Kovászó
Kőhalom
Küküllővár
Lugos
Marosillye
Marosvásárhely
Munkács
Nagybánya / Asszonypataka
Nagyszalonta
Nagyvárad
Nyírbátor
Nevicke
Radna and Óradna
Radnót
Regéc
Sárospatak
Sebesvár
Segesvár
Szatmár / Szatmárnémeti
Szentbenedek
Szeben and the Abbey of Kerc
Szerednye
Székelykeresztúr
Torda
Szelindek
Torockószentgyörgy
Törcsvár
Ungvár
Kingdom of Hungary
North
Abaújvár
Alsómattyasóc
Ajnácskő
Alsómicsinye
Árva
Bajmóc
Bakabánya
Balassagyarmat
Balogvár
Barkó
Bártfa
Beckó, Bolondóc
Besztercebánya
Betlenfalva
Berencsváralja
Boldogkőváralja
Borsi
Borostyánkő (Ballenstein, Paistun)
Borostyánkő (Bernstein)
Bozók
Budatin
Csábrág
Csejte
Cseklész
Csetnek
Csicsva
Dévény
Divény
Diósgyőr
Detrekő castle and the Pálffy palace
Drégely
Eperjes
Érsekújvár
Felsőkubin
Felsővály
Fülek
Füzér
Garamszentbenedek
Gímes
Golop
Hajdúdorog
Hajdúnánás
(Hajdú)Szoboszló
Holics
Hollólomnic
Homonna
Huszt
Illava
Kálló
Kassa
Kékkő
Késmárk
Kisnána
Kisvárda
Komárom
Korlátkő
Korpona
Körmöcbánya
Krasznahorka and Betlér
Léva
Likava
Lipótújvár
Lőcse
Murány
Nagybiccse
Nagyida
Nagykövesd
Nagyszombat
Nedec / Dunajec
Nógrád
Nyitra
Ólubló / Lubló
Ónod
Osgyán
Putnok
Revistye
Szabatkapuszta
Selmecbánya
Szádvár
Szanda
Szécsény
Szepesi vár
Szerencs
Szikszó
Szitnya
Szklabinya
Tarkő
Tiszolc
Tokaj
Torna
Trencsén
Zsolnalitva
Zemplén
Zólyom
Zólyomlipcse
Zsarnóca
West
Bozsok
Bakonyújvár / Bakonybél
Bátorkő
Csobánc
Csesznek
Devecser
Egervár
Fraknó
Győr Castle
Keszthely
Körmend
Kőszeg
Lánzsér
Mosonmagyaróvár
Nagyvázsony
Németújvár
Palota (Várpalota)
Pannonhalma
Pápa
Pozsony
Ugod
Rezi
Sárvár
Somló
Sopron
Sümeg
Szarvaskő (at Döbrönte)
Szigliget
Tata
Tihany
Várgesztes
Veszprém
Vitány
Vöröskő
South
Babócsa
Csáktornya
Dobóc
Egerszeg, Zalaegerszeg
Felsőlendva
Hídvég
Kereki, Fehérkő castle
Komár
Sziszek
Zalaszentgrót
Ottoman Occupied Lands
Arad
Atya
Bács
Berzence
Boksánbánya, Boksa / Kövesd Castle
Buda
Buják
Bussa
Cegléd
Csanád
Csókakő
Csővár
Dédes castle
Dunaföldvár
Döbrönte, Szarvaskő
Dombóvár
Eger
Erdőd (Erdut)
Eszék
Hatvan
Esztergom
Hollókő
Fonyód
Ipolydamásd
Galambóc
Ipolyság
Gyula
Jajca
Kanizsa
Kaposvár
Kecskemét
Komlóska, Solymos castle
Lippa and Solymos
Nándorfehérvár
Ozora
Pécs
Pécsvárad
Pest
Pétervárad
Pilisszentlélek and Klastrompuszta
Pozsega
Újlak
Rednek
Salgó
Siklós
Simontornya
Sirok
Somoskő
Szabács
Szalánkemén
Szarvas
Szarvaskői castle
Szeged
Székesfehérvár
Szentlászlóvár / Lászlóvára
Szigetvár
Szolnok Castle
Szörényvár
Temesvár
Vác
Valpó
Visegrád
Zimony
Zsámbék
Our Castles on the Map
Essays
Members of the Valiant Order
Balassi Bálint (1554-1594)
Prince Bocskai István
A Hero of the Valiant Order: Varkocs György
General Schwendi in Royal Hungary, a German Hero
Thorny Tamás, a Hungarian hero
Pálffy Tamás (1534-1581), a Hungarian Hero
Berenhidai Huszár Péter, a Hungarian Hero
Hans Rueber von Püchsendorf (1529-1584)
A hero of Buda who was almost hanged
Bey Csonka: the Ottoman hero of Buda, 1686
Captain John Smith, a Hungarian nobleman
Balassi Ferenc
Batthyány Ferenc (1497-1566)
Lord Perényi Péter, (1502– 1548) – Part One
Ferenc, the kidnapped son of Lord Perényi – Part Two
The Perényi-story, Part Three
Némethi Ferenc (1510-1565) and the wine of Tokaj
Andrew Gaudi, the Scot hero of Várad
Werbőczi Imre (1510s-1548)
Petár Berislavić / Beriszlói Péter (1475-1520)
General Tomori Pál (1475-1526)
Petar Kruzic / Krusics Péter (1491-1537)
János Zadorla, a Slovakian hero of Kassa
Peter Roussel of Burgundy (?-1577, Kassa)
Magyar Bálint of Palona
Gyulaffy László (c.1520-1579), the champion of the Borderland
The Lady with a hook-gun in Buzita Castle
Báthory István, King of Poland and Prince of Transylvania (1533-1586)
Nyáry Lőrinc and his son, Nyáry Pál
Gregoróczy Vince
Pasha Arszlán (Oroszlán) of Buda castle
Baron Nádasdy Tamás (1498-1562)
Count Nádasdy Ferenc, the Strong Black Bey (1555-1604)
Captain Thury György (cc1520-1571)
Thengöldi Bornemisza János (1520/30-1589)
Maróthy Mihály of Loós (?-1600)
Adolf von Schwarzenberg (1547-1600)
Kádár István and his Hajdú soldiers, 1658
Wathay Ferenc (1568- after 1609)
Rákóczi László (1633-1664)
Zrínyi Ádám (1662-1691)
Zrínyi Miklós, the poet and general (1620-1664)
King Matthias Corvinus Series (1443-1490)
The beginning of King Matthias Reign
Origin of King Matthias Corvinus
Was King Matthias related to Sultan Mohamed II ?
Firearms in the Black Army
King Matthias at Boroszló (Wroclaw, Breslau)
The wealth of King Matthias
King Matthias` duel with Holubar
Why is the Hungarian Renaissance not so well-known?
„Delirant Reges, plectunur Achivi” – The people pay for the foolishness of the kings
“this king loved his country”
“Non licet in bello bis peccare”: You mustn`t commit the same fault twice in the war
Kinizsi Pál, general of King Matthias
The fleet of King Matthias
The size of King Matthias` army
King Matthias Corvinus and England
Economy
The revolution of transportation: the “kocsi” (coach)
The Mining Towns of Upper Hungary
Salt: the white gold of Hungary
Hungarian Grey Cattle
The value of Money
Nations, peoples, ethnic groups
Who were the Turks?
Who were the Germans?
Who were the Hungarians?
Who are the Székelys?
Who were the German Saxons in Transylvania?
Who were the Habáns, the Swiss immigrants fleeing to Hungary?
Who were the Magyarabs?
Mercenaries, Western soldiers
Italians in the 15-Year-War in Hungary
Foreign mercenaries in Hungary
Scots on the battlefields of the „Hungaries”
The Hungarian Hajdú warriors
Cavalry
Dragoons in Hungary
Horses of Battle
Cavalry Charge and Melee
Horses in the Battle of Mohács
Hungarian Horse archers in the 17th century
The Hussar tournaments of Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria
Famous and Infamous People
Albrecht Dürer (1471 -1528) and Hungary
Who was Oláh Miklós? (1493-1568)
Lady Báthory Erzsébet (1560-1614)
Catherine of Brandenburg, wife of Prince Bethlen
The Zrínyi / Zrinski family and the Habsburgs
The peril of Demeter Jaksith – a legend from Szerémi`s Chronicle
Borbála, the true love of King Matthias
Szilágyi Mihály, the kingmaker
Palatine Báthory István (c 1480-1530)
Mayláth István, Voivode of Transylvania (1502-1550)
Baron Forgách Ferenc
Zsámboki János (Johannes Sambucus Pannonius) 1531-1584
Bey Sásvár, the renegade
King Habsburg Ferdinand I of Hungary and Bohemia (1503-1564)
Fráter György (Utišinović / Martinuzzi György) 1482-1551
Prince Rákóczi Zsigmond (1555-08/12/1608)
Prince Báthory Gábor of Transylvania (1589-1613)
Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania
Prince Rákóczi I György of Transylvania (ruled from 1630 to 1648)
Prince Barcsay Ákos of Transylvania (1610-1661)
Prince Kemény János of Transylvania (1607-1662)
Sultan Mehmed III (reigned between 1595 and 1603)
King Habsburg Rudolf of Hungary, Emperor of the HRE (1552-1612)
Why don’t we like Sultan Suleiman?
Types of soldiers in the “Hungaries” around 1600
Hungarian and other proverbs born during the Turk wars
The Ottoman concept of „Kizil Elma”, the „Golden / Red Apple”
The Hungarian Knights of the Golden Spur
Ethnic changes in Hungary due to the Ottoman wars
The military education of Hunyadi János
1372-1490
The Ottoman-Hungarian fights before the fall of Szendrő castle in 1439
Hunyadi at Szendrő, 1439
The rise of Hunyadi János to power, 1440-41
Hunyadi’s first large battle against the Turks, 1441
Hunyadi defeated two Ottoman armies, 1442
Hunyadi’s Long Campaign in 1443-44, part one
Hunyadi’s Long Campaign in 1443-44, part two
Hunyadi’s Long Campaign in 1443-44, part three
Várna, 1444: Were Hunyadi and the King oathbreakers? Part One
The road to Várna, 1444; Part Two
The Battle of Várna, 1444; Part Three
Battle of Kosovo Polje, 1448
1456, the heroic Siege of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade)
22 December 1476 The wedding of Matthias and Beatrix
Why can we hear the bells at noon? 1456
The Battle of Kenyérmező (Breadfield), 13 October 1479
General Magyar Balázs saves Otranto in 1481
The Doom of the Black Army after 1490
1490-1541
Báthory István defeats the Ottomans at Illádia, 12 October 1512
1521: the fall of Szabács, Zimony, and Nándorfehérvár castles
After 16 October 1522 Szapolyai, Voivode of Transylvania defeats the Turks in Wallachia
The Battle of Szávaszentdemeter, 1523
29 August 1526: The Battle of Mohács
13-15 September 1526, the Battle of Pusztamarót
1527 Cserni (aka Black or Nenad) Jován’s uprising
1527-28 The negotiations of Sir Lasky in Istanbul
20 March 1528 The Battle of Szina
A scene from the last days of Kőszeg’ s siege in 1532
19 September 1532, Pasha Kászim’s black day
14 April 1533 Hieronym Laszky besieges Palota Castle
21 October 1540: Leonhard von Fels besieges Buda
20 July 1541 The fall of Fogaras castle
1541-1606
26 September 1542 The Siege of Pest began
25 December 1545, the fall of Simontornya castle
19 June 1547 the first Peace of Edirne / Drinápoly
13 November 1550: Brother György defeats his enemies
1551 “Virtus vulnere viret” – a bloody fight at Lippa castle
1 March 1552 the Peril of Szeged and the Battle of Dorozsma
1 June 1552 The fall of Veszprém castle
A general attack against Eger Castle on St. Michael’s Day, 1552
1554: The Turks attack the castles of Tihany and Csobánc
1555: Pápa castle was attacked
An old warrior’s challenge to a duel, 1555
The miracle at Görösgál, 1555
The siege of Szigetvár in 1556
1556: The fight between “David and Goliath”
25 November 1556 The Diet of Transylvania made Isabella Governor
When Ottomans attacked each other in Hungary, 1558
The adolescent murderers of Bey Ibrahim, 1559
27 March 1562: the victory of Hassan, Bey of Fülek
4 March 1562 The Battle of Hadad
5 June 1566 The heroic defense of Palota castle
1566 King János Zsigmond’s victory over the Crimean Tatars
1566: three champions challenge Pasha Mustafa to a duel
1567: the heroic defenders of Felsővadász castle
13 January 1568: Freedom of religion was declared at the Diet of Torda
17 February 1568 The Treaty of Edirne / Drinápoly
October 1570: the Hungarian Borderland-warriors defeated the Ottomans at Alsóörs
Two young Turks who got lost at night, 1570
1571, the last stand of Captain Thury György
6 February 1573: Attack on Botszentgyörgy castle
1575: the warriors of Kanizsa castle laid a trap
1575: the heroic last stand of the warriors of Fonyód castle
1577, a Christian defeat at Győr castle
The Hussars ambush the fair of Hatvan in 1580
19 July 1580 The victory at Nádudvar
The warriors of Léva castle’s duel, on 1 May 1581
1583: the Hungarian warriors of the Valiant Order of Trans-Danubian Region attack Koppány Castle
1585: the duel of Olasz Gergely at Komárom Castle
25 February 1587: The destruction of Koppány castle and the victory at Kacorlak
1588: the destruction of Endréd Palisade Castle
29 October 1588: the Hungarian warriors ambush Kékkő castle
A shameful duel in 1590
18 November 1593; The armies of the Upper Land take Szabatka
November 21, 1593, The Hungarians defeated the Turks at Romhány
The adventure of a few Hajdú warriors at Vác, 1594
1598: Captain András Barcsai of Lugos Castle defeated Pasha Szulejmán of Temesvár
Prince Bocskai had his Hajdús settled, 12/12/1605
1606-1717
Bethlen defeats the usurper Homonnai-Drugeth at Dés, 1616
20 December 1626: Prince Bethlen signed a truce with King Ferdinand II
6 October 1636 Prince Rákóczi scatters the army of the Pasha of Temesvár at Nagyszalonta
2 February 1642: The Raid at Igal
26 June 1644 The Battle of Somos: Hungarian Transylvanians vs. Hungarians of Royal Hungary
16 December 1645 Peace treaty in Linz between Rákóczi and Ferdinand
1649 Pentecost: the Turks attacked the market of Egerszeg
25-26 August 1652 The Battle of Vezekény
30 April 1657 Batthyány Ádám’s raid at Zsámbék
1657: the unlucky Polish war of Prince Rákóczi György II
1658: Prince György Rákóczi II defeated the Ottoman army
The Battle of Szárhegy, 1658
27 August 1660: The fall of Várad castle
1660 The punishing war of Pasha Szejdi
1660 The Battle of Szászfenes, the death of Prince Rákóczi György II
Zrínyi’s reply to Montecuccoli 1661
23 January 1662 The Battle of Nagyszőlős, the Death of Prince Kemény
1662: the adventure of 12 Hajdú warriors
1663: Zrínyi Péter defeated the Ottomans at Károlyváros
The famous Winter Campaign of Zrínyi, 1664
The siege of Kanizsa castle, 28 April 1664
The Hajdú warriors in Zrínyi’s Winter Campaign in 1664
The last stand of Pölöske castle’s defenders, 22 July 1664
The letter of Zrínyi Miklós in 1664
1 August 1664 The battle of Szentgotthárd / Saint Gotthard, and the peace of Vasvár
18 November 1664: the death of Zrínyi Miklós aka Nikola Zrínski
The regulations of Regéc castle 1679
23 April 1670 The Battle of Gombás and the Wesselényi Conspiration
22 December 1671 Emperor Leopold dismissed his Hungarian soldiers
14 September 1672 The “kuruc” rebels beat the Imperials at Enyicke
12 September 1683 The Battle of Kahlenberg at Vienna
7-9 October 1683 The Battle of Párkány
10 July 1684 the Triumph at Szentendre
The Turk reinforcement was defeated at Érd, 1684
The Battle of Tát, 16 August 1685
2 September 1686 Buda Eliberata!
Turkish prisoners of war in Buda, 1686
1687: the Battle of Nagyharsány
17 January 1688 The fall of Munkács castle
5 September 1688: The victory of Türkenluis at Derventa
The Battle of Zernyest: Thököly’s victory, 1690
13 April 1690 The retaking of Kanizsa castle
The Triumph of Szalánkemén, the bloodiest battle of the century, 1691
The Battle of Lugos, 1695
11 September 1697 The Battle of Zenta
24 August 1717 The massacre in Szék, Transylvania
Spreading Hungarian history
Fighting Misconceptions
The Hungarians’ role before 1526
“Betwixt two heathens”: the Habsburgs and the Ottomans
Modern Ottoman propaganda
Social media and Hungarian history in English
The Hun is at the gate!
My Report on Spreading Hungarian History between 2016 and 2023
Weapons
Armors and shields
Armors in Topkapi Seray Museum
Armors and weapons in the Styrian Armory of Graz
The armors of Emperor and King Maximilian I and II, and the helmet of King Louis II of Hungary
Hussar Helmets on Display in 1896
Turk shields, helmets
A chainmail from 1550
The Hungarian Hussar regiments of Cardinal Richelieu, 1635
A tombstone of an unknown knight
Hungarian Lobster Tail Helmets
The tombstone of Swabowszky György
Hussar armor, masks, and shields
Swords and sabers
Pallos
The sword of Charlemagne or the saber of Attila?
Ceremonial sword of the Dragon Order
Hungarian sabers, 15th-17th century
Saber (Eastern style)
Polish Saber (Hungarian style)
Hegyestőr / estoc / koncerz
a Transylvanian dagger, 1540
Swords made by Thomas Kapustran
The saber of General Pálffy Miklós (1552-1600)
Firearms
Strange firearms
Saint Borbála and the cannons
Pistols, 16th century
Pistols, 17th century (Vienna)
Bayonets in the Hungarian fights
Ottoman quiver, bows, and arrows
War hammers, maces, and battle axes
Maps and Regions
The First Military Survey of Hungary (1780-84)
Map 1750
Szepesség
The Borderland
Transylvanian Principality: a vassal state of the Turks?
Fortified Churches in Transylvania
Subcarpathia / Kárpátalja
Dramatized historical writings
The Little Rooster’s Diamond Halfpenny
Interview with Count Zrínyi Miklós
Interview with Cardinal Pázmány Péter
Interview with Lord Báthory István
Suleiman learns the plot of Queen Isabella
Lord Balassa’s victory at Szalka (1544)
Interview with Captain Thury György, 1561
The Siege of Drégely Castle (1552)
The Battle of Palást, 1552
The Gypsy warriors of Nagyida Castle (1556)
The White Geese of Léva Castle (1664)
The Duel at Korpona’s Haversack Castle (1588)
The Battle of Szikszó (08 October 1588)
Mikszáth Kálmán: Hunyák Pál
The Heavenly Advocate By Kosztolányi Dezső (1920)
Masterpieces of Art
Chalice,1462
A few pieces of ornamented items and jewellery
Ceramics from the 15-17th centuries
The Renaissance bronze candlesticks in Hagia Sophia
Hungarian Medieval Saddles
Hidden treasure found at Likava Castle
The destruction of King Saint László’s statue
Toy Knights of King Louis II
Drinking vessels, 16th-17th century
Renaissance Tiles
Prince Bethlen’s gift to King Gustav Adolphus
Reenacting History
Reenactor clubs
The Nádasdy Ferenc Banderium in Sárvár
The Matthias Rex Association / Mathias Rex Történelmi Hagyományőrző Egyesület
HEMA
Interview with Schunder László
Clothes and attire
Skirt and attached bodice, 17th century
The embroidery of Hungarian Lady dresses
Mente and Dolman: Hungarian attire
Corolla
Chronologies
General Chronology of Hungarian-Ottoman wars between 1552 and 1699
General chronologies 1366-1552
A very short summary of Hungarian-Ottoman wars
The Fifteen-Year-War Series (1591-1606)
The War of Pasha Sinan until 1596
The Long War – Part One / the new Borderland
The Long War, Part Two / the radius of the war
The Long War, Part Three / how it broke out
The Long War, Part Four / the military targets
The Long War, Part Five / October-November 1593
The Long War, Part Six / November-December 1593
The Long War, Part Seven / the Battle of Tura, 1594
The Long War, Part Eight / Summer 1594, the death of Balassi
The Long War, Part Nine / August-October 1594, the sieges of Győr and Komárom
The Long War, Part Ten / 1594, Transylvania breaks up with the Sublime Port
The Long War, Part 11 / the first clashes in 1595
The Long War, Part 12 / the second siege of Esztergom
The Long War, Part 13 / Upper Lands, and Transylvania 1595
The Long War, Part 14 / Spring-summer, 1596
1596-1600
The Long War, Part 15 / 1596: the Fall of Eger
The Long War, Part 16 / 1596, The Battle of Mezőkeresztes
The long War, Part 17 / the retaking of Tata castle with a “petard”
The Long War, Part 18 / Taking Pápa Castle, losing Tata, and the siege of Győr
The Long War, Part 19 / the Battle of Vác-Verőce, November 1597
The Long War, Part 20 / the retaking of Győr castle, 1598
The Long War, Part 21 / the sieges of Buda and Várad castles, 1598
The Long War, Part 22; a great Hajdú victory in 1599
The Long War, Part 23 / Christian ambushes, 1599
The Long War, Part 24/ Troubles in Transylvania, 1596-1599
The Long War, Part 25/ The Battle of Miriszló, 1600
The Long War, Part 26/ The siege of Kanizsa Castle, 1600
The Long War, Part 27/The mutiny of Walloon mercenaries in Pápa castle, 1600
1601-1606
The Long War, Part 28 / Battles around Fehérvár, 1601
The Long War, Part 29 / 1601, the unsuccessful siege of Kanizsa Castle
The Long War, Part 30 / the fall of Székesfehérvár castle in 1602
The Long War, Part 31; 1602: Basta’s victory in Transylvania and the Siege of Buda
The Long War, Part 32; military actions in the first part of 1603
The Long War, Part 33; the third siege of Buda, 1603
The Long War, Part 34 / The Siege of Esztergom, 1604
The Long War, Part 35; Internal war in Transylvania 1600-1604
The Long War, Part 36 / The Bocskai Uprising, 1604
The Long War, Part 37 / The heydays of Bocskai, 1605
The Long War, Part 38; 1606 – The creation of a Double Treaty of Peace
The Long War, Part 39 / Conclusion
Videos
The Siege of Nándorfehérvár / Belgrade, 1456
Visegrád, royal palace
The Battle of Mohács, 1526
The Battle of Zenta, 1697
The Ottoman conquest in Europe
The reconquest wars of Hungary
Sources and recommended readings
Review: Lord of the Eyrie (by Katerina Dunne)
Review: “As Only True Men Can: Nikola Zrinski’s Last Stand at Sziget”
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History Blog by Gábor Szántai
The War of Pasha Sinan until 1596
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